Comstock, G. (2019). What do we need to know to know that animals are conscious of what they know? Animal Behavior and Cognition, 6(4), 289-308. https://doi.org/10.26451/abc.06.04.09.2019 

In this paper I argue for the following six claims:  1) The problem is that some think metacognition and consciousness are dissociable. 2) The solution is not to revive associationist explanations; 3) …nor is the solution to identify metacognition with Carruthers' gatekeeping mechanism. 4) The solution is to define conscious metacognition; 5) … devise an empirical test for it in humans; and 6) … apply it to animals.

Metacognition, Animals, Introspection, Consciousness